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Download Version 5. Older Version 4. Clair Software. Make your Open and Save dialogs work as quickly as you do. Go faster : Quickly navigate through folders with hierarchical menus that expand as you mouse over them. Do it all : Preview, tag, rename, compress, delete or add comments to files in any Open or Save dialog.

Default Folder X is a small utility that can help you personalize the entire experience by adding new locations, Spotlight tags, comments, and many more options.

The Default Folder X status bar menu offers you the possibility to navigate to your default, favorite, and recent folders. At the same time, the menu also allows you to view all opened Finder windows and bring any of them forward.

Here you can add specific directories to be used by default with certain applications. After a few days I realized that my reliable company "Default Folder" was missing! Why did it take me so long to take note of its absence is even unknown to me! I guess this nifty app that has been accompanying me for the last 30 years has become so much part of my computer that I take it for granted that it's a component of my operating system!

It's like air that is invisible and yet essential for living. You don't notice it unless you miss it! As such, only the first time I wanted to save my documents and the wrong folder came up I noticed its absence!!

Add to this the issues I experienced when launching my favorite apps from "Default Folder"'s menu and all other essential functions and you come up with the answer to why no Mac should be ever without it. Foulger Oct 26 I have been using this app for some months now and have the latest 5. Removing DFX from my logiitems folder, the problem went away. Hopefully there will be a fix soon. I have been using Default Folder since version 1 and it is the first utility I install when I purchase a new computer.

No need to go over all the great features, many are already listed above. Spend a week using DF and then try to stop using DF and you will then realize the convenience of getting to that folder in a split second instead of moving through a bundle of folders to get to that folder buried deep inside another folder.

You want to save a few days of your life? Start using Default Folder and you'll save those seconds, that add up to minutes, hours and days. Maybe if you live long enough you could save a year of your life. Try this app and you will end up buying it, if you value your time. Save downloads. Absolutely essential software for any Mac. Don't know why Apple hasn't bought this and integrated it into the Finder. Can't do without it.

Tony-Aguila Nov 21 For a couple of days, after installing macOS As always, the developer was quick to address the issue and this latest update made things right again! Thanks, Jon! Change your Mac's appearance to light, dark, or auto. Christina May 27, Continue reading. Set as Default : Applies to all folders opened in that particular view, meaning that it sets the defaults for that view as opposed to the defaults for that folder.

In my original question, the answer is 1. Improve this answer. Sign up or log in Sign up using Google. Sign up using Facebook. Sign up using Email and Password. Post as a guest Name. Email Required, but never shown. The Overflow Blog.

 


OS X Lion - Wikipedia.Default Folder X Free - folder free default x



 

To wrap a file descriptor in a file object, use fdopen. The following constants are options for the flags parameter to the open function. They can be combined using the bitwise OR operator. Some of them are not available on all platforms. Open a new pseudo-terminal pair. Return a pair of file descriptors master, slave for the pty and the tty, respectively. The new file descriptors are non-inheritable.

For a slightly more portable approach, use the pty module. Availability : some flavors of Unix. Create a pipe.

Return a pair of file descriptors r, w usable for reading and writing, respectively. Create a pipe with flags set atomically.

Ensures that enough disk space is allocated for the file specified by fd starting from offset and continuing for len bytes. Announces an intention to access data in a specific pattern thus allowing the kernel to make optimizations.

The advice applies to the region of the file specified by fd starting at offset and continuing for len bytes. Read at most n bytes from file descriptor fd at a position of offset , leaving the file offset unchanged. Return a bytestring containing the bytes read. If the end of the file referred to by fd has been reached, an empty bytes object is returned.

Read from a file descriptor fd at a position of offset into mutable bytes-like objects buffers , leaving the file offset unchanged. Transfer data into each buffer until it is full and then move on to the next buffer in the sequence to hold the rest of the data. Return the total number of bytes actually read which can be less than the total capacity of all the objects. Combine the functionality of os.

Availability : Linux 2. Using flags requires Linux 4. Do not wait for data which is not immediately available. If this flag is specified, the system call will return instantly if it would have to read data from the backing storage or wait for a lock. If some data was successfully read, it will return the number of bytes read. If no bytes were read, it will return -1 and set errno to errno. Availability : Linux 4.

Allows block-based filesystems to use polling of the device, which provides lower latency, but may use additional resources. Write the bytestring in str to file descriptor fd at position of offset , leaving the file offset unchanged. Write the buffers contents to file descriptor fd at a offset offset , leaving the file offset unchanged. Buffers are processed in array order.

Entire contents of the first buffer is written before proceeding to the second, and so on. This flag effect applies only to the data range written by the system call.

This flag is meaningful only for os. The offset argument does not affect the write operation; the data is always appended to the end of the file. However, if the offset argument is -1 , the current file offset is updated. Return the number of bytes sent. When EOF is reached return 0. The first function notation is supported by all platforms that define sendfile. It returns the same as the first case.

Cross-platform applications should not use headers , trailers and flags arguments. For a higher-level wrapper of sendfile , see socket. Set the blocking mode of the specified file descriptor. Parameters to the sendfile function, if the implementation supports them. At least one of the file descriptors must refer to a pipe.

The offset associated to the file descriptor that refers to a pipe must be None. Upon successful completion, returns the number of bytes spliced to or from the pipe. A return value of 0 means end of input. If src refers to a pipe, then this means that there was no data to transfer, and it would not make sense to block because there are no writers connected to the write end of the pipe. Read from a file descriptor fd into a number of mutable bytes-like objects buffers.

Return the process group associated with the terminal given by fd an open file descriptor as returned by os. Set the process group associated with the terminal given by fd an open file descriptor as returned by os. Return a string which specifies the terminal device associated with file descriptor fd. If fd is not associated with a terminal device, an exception is raised. Write the contents of buffers to file descriptor fd. If the file descriptor is not connected to a terminal, an OSError is raised.

A subclass of tuple, holding columns, lines of the terminal window size. Since Python 3. On UNIX, non-inheritable file descriptors are closed in child processes at the execution of a new program, other file descriptors are inherited. On Windows, non-inheritable handles and file descriptors are closed in child processes, except for standard streams file descriptors 0, 1 and 2: stdin, stdout and stderr , which are always inherited.

Availability : Windows. However, some functions now alternatively accept an open file descriptor for their path argument. The function will then operate on the file referred to by the descriptor. You can check whether or not path can be specified as a file descriptor for a particular function on your platform using os.

If this functionality is unavailable, using it will raise a NotImplementedError. Return True if access is allowed, False if not. See the Unix man page access 2 for more information. This function can support specifying paths relative to directory descriptors and not following symlinks.

If it is unavailable, using it will raise a NotImplementedError. Using access to check if a user is authorized to e. For example:. Values to pass as the mode parameter of access to test the existence, readability, writability and executability of path , respectively. This function can support specifying a file descriptor. The descriptor must refer to an opened directory, not an open file.

Set the flags of path to the numeric flags. This function can support not following symlinks. Change the mode of path to the numeric mode. This function can support specifying a file descriptor , paths relative to directory descriptors and not following symlinks.

All other bits are ignored. Change the owner and group id of path to the numeric uid and gid. See shutil. Change the current working directory to the directory represented by the file descriptor fd.

The function is no longer deprecated on Windows. Set the flags of path to the numeric flags , like chflags , but do not follow symbolic links. If path is a symlink, this affects the symlink rather than the target.

This function will not follow symbolic links. Return a list containing the names of the entries in the directory given by path.

The list is in arbitrary order, and does not include the special entries '. If a file is removed from or added to the directory during the call of this function, whether a name for that file be included is unspecified. If path is of type bytes directly or indirectly through the PathLike interface , the filenames returned will also be of type bytes ; in all other circumstances, they will be of type str. This function can also support specifying a file descriptor ; the file descriptor must refer to a directory.

To encode str filenames to bytes , use fsencode. The scandir function returns directory entries along with file attribute information, giving better performance for many common use cases. Perform the equivalent of an lstat system call on the given path. Similar to stat , but does not follow symbolic links.

On platforms that do not support symbolic links, this is an alias for stat. This function can also support paths relative to directory descriptors. Other kinds of reparse points are resolved by the operating system as for stat.

If the directory already exists, FileExistsError is raised. If a parent directory in the path does not exist, FileNotFoundError is raised. On some systems, mode is ignored. Where it is used, the current umask value is first masked out. If bits other than the last 9 i. On some platforms, they are ignored and you should call chmod explicitly to set them. Recursive directory creation function. Like mkdir , but makes all intermediate-level directories needed to contain the leaf directory. The mode parameter is passed to mkdir for creating the leaf directory; see the mkdir description for how it is interpreted.

To set the file permission bits of any newly created parent directories you can set the umask before invoking makedirs. The file permission bits of existing parent directories are not changed. Since this behavior was impossible to implement safely, it was removed in Python 3.

See bpo Create a FIFO a named pipe named path with numeric mode mode. The current umask value is first masked out from the mode. FIFOs are pipes that can be accessed like regular files. FIFOs exist until they are deleted for example with os. Create a filesystem node file, device special file or named pipe named path. For stat. Return system configuration information relevant to a named file. Dictionary mapping names accepted by pathconf and fpathconf to the integer values defined for those names by the host operating system.

This can be used to determine the set of names known to the system. Return a string representing the path to which the symbolic link points. The result may be either an absolute or relative pathname; if it is relative, it may be converted to an absolute pathname using os.

If the path is a string object directly or indirectly through a PathLike interface , the result will also be a string object, and the call may raise a UnicodeDecodeError. If the path is a bytes object direct or indirectly , the result will be a bytes object.

When trying to resolve a path that may contain links, use realpath to properly handle recursion and platform differences. Remove delete the file path. If path is a directory, an IsADirectoryError is raised. Use rmdir to remove directories. If the file does not exist, a FileNotFoundError is raised.

This function can support paths relative to directory descriptors. On Windows, attempting to remove a file that is in use causes an exception to be raised; on Unix, the directory entry is removed but the storage allocated to the file is not made available until the original file is no longer in use.

This function is semantically identical to unlink. Remove directories recursively. Works like rmdir except that, if the leaf directory is successfully removed, removedirs tries to successively remove every parent directory mentioned in path until an error is raised which is ignored, because it generally means that a parent directory is not empty.

For example, os. Raises OSError if the leaf directory could not be successfully removed. Rename the file or directory src to dst. If dst exists, the operation will fail with an OSError subclass in a number of cases:.

On Windows, if dst exists a FileExistsError is always raised. If both are directories and dst is empty, dst will be silently replaced. If dst is a non-empty directory, an OSError is raised. If both are files, dst will be replaced silently if the user has permission. The operation may fail on some Unix flavors if src and dst are on different filesystems. If you want cross-platform overwriting of the destination, use replace.

Recursive directory or file renaming function. Works like rename , except creation of any intermediate directories needed to make the new pathname good is attempted first. After the rename, directories corresponding to rightmost path segments of the old name will be pruned away using removedirs. This function can fail with the new directory structure made if you lack permissions needed to remove the leaf directory or file.

If dst is a non-empty directory, OSError will be raised. If dst exists and is a file, it will be replaced silently if the user has permission. The operation may fail if src and dst are on different filesystems. Remove delete the directory path. In order to remove whole directory trees, shutil. Return an iterator of os. DirEntry objects corresponding to the entries in the directory given by path.

The entries are yielded in arbitrary order, and the special entries '. If a file is removed from or added to the directory after creating the iterator, whether an entry for that file be included is unspecified. Using scandir instead of listdir can significantly increase the performance of code that also needs file type or file attribute information, because os. DirEntry objects expose this information if the operating system provides it when scanning a directory.

All os. If path is of type bytes directly or indirectly through the PathLike interface , the type of the name and path attributes of each os. DirEntry will be bytes ; in all other circumstances, they will be of type str. The scandir iterator supports the context manager protocol and has the following method:.

This is called automatically when the iterator is exhausted or garbage collected, or when an error happens during iterating. However it is advisable to call it explicitly or use the with statement. The entry. If a scandir iterator is neither exhausted nor explicitly closed a ResourceWarning will be emitted in its destructor. The function accepts a path-like object.

Object yielded by scandir to expose the file path and other file attributes of a directory entry. When a stat or lstat system call is made, the os. DirEntry object will cache the result. DirEntry instances are not intended to be stored in long-lived data structures; if you know the file metadata has changed or if a long time has elapsed since calling scandir , call os.

Because the os. DirEntry methods can make operating system calls, they may also raise OSError. If you need very fine-grained control over errors, you can catch OSError when calling one of the os. DirEntry methods and handle as appropriate. To be directly usable as a path-like object , os. DirEntry implements the PathLike interface. Attributes and methods on a os. DirEntry instance are as follows:. The name attribute will be bytes if the scandir path argument is of type bytes and str otherwise.

Use fsdecode to decode byte filenames. The path is only absolute if the scandir path argument was absolute. If the scandir path argument was a file descriptor , the path attribute is the same as the name attribute. The path attribute will be bytes if the scandir path argument is of type bytes and str otherwise. The result is cached on the os. DirEntry object. Call os. On the first, uncached call, no system call is required in most cases. Specifically, for non-symlinks, neither Windows or Unix require a system call, except on certain Unix file systems, such as network file systems, that return dirent.

Specifically, neither Windows or Unix require a system call, except on certain Unix file systems, such as network file systems, that return dirent.

On Unix, this method always requires a system call. Note that there is a nice correspondence between several attributes and methods of os. DirEntry and of pathlib. Added support for bytes paths on Windows. Get the status of a file or a file descriptor. Perform the equivalent of a stat system call on the given path. This function can support specifying a file descriptor and not following symlinks. Other types of reparse points that do not resemble links or that the operating system is unable to follow will be opened directly.

When following a chain of multiple links, this may result in the original link being returned instead of the non-link that prevented full traversal.

To obtain stat results for the final path in this case, use the os. This does not apply to dangling symlinks or junction points, which will raise the usual exceptions. Object whose attributes correspond roughly to the members of the stat structure. It is used for the result of os. Size of the file in bytes, if it is a regular file or a symbolic link.

The size of a symbolic link is the length of the pathname it contains, without a terminating null byte. See your operating system documentation for details. Number of byte blocks allocated for file.

Writing to a file in smaller chunks may cause an inefficient read-modify-rewrite. On other Unix systems such as FreeBSD , the following attributes may be available but may be only filled out if root tries to use them :. The standard module stat defines functions and constants that are useful for extracting information from a stat structure.

On Windows, some items are filled with dummy values. More items may be added at the end by some implementations. Perform a statvfs system call on the given path.

As an example, this expression evaluates to True if os. A set object indicating whether os. If the local platform supports it, the collection will contain os. This expression evaluates to True if os. A set object indicating which functions in the os module permit specifying their path parameter as an open file descriptor on the local platform.

Different platforms provide different features, and the underlying functionality Python uses to accept open file descriptors as path arguments is not available on all platforms Python supports.

On Windows, a symlink represents either a file or a directory, and does not morph to the target dynamically. If the target is present, the type of the symlink will be created to match.

On newer versions of Windows 10, unprivileged accounts can create symlinks if Developer Mode is enabled. OSError is raised when the function is called by an unprivileged user. Truncate the file corresponding to path , so that it is at most length bytes in size. This function is semantically identical to remove ; the unlink name is its traditional Unix name. Please see the documentation for remove for further information.

These specify the times set on path and are used as follows:. If times is not None , it must be a 2-tuple of the form atime, mtime where each member is an int or float expressing seconds. Note that the exact times you set here may not be returned by a subsequent stat call, depending on the resolution with which your operating system records access and modification times; see stat.

Generate the file names in a directory tree by walking the tree either top-down or bottom-up. For each directory in the tree rooted at directory top including top itself , it yields a 3-tuple dirpath, dirnames, filenames. Note that the names in the lists contain no path components.

To get a full path which begins with top to a file or directory in dirpath , do os. Whether or not the lists are sorted depends on the file system. If a file is removed from or added to the dirpath directory during generating the lists, whether a name for that file be included is unspecified. If optional argument topdown is True or not specified, the triple for a directory is generated before the triples for any of its subdirectories directories are generated top-down.

If topdown is False , the triple for a directory is generated after the triples for all of its subdirectories directories are generated bottom-up. No matter the value of topdown , the list of subdirectories is retrieved before the tuples for the directory and its subdirectories are generated. When topdown is True , the caller can modify the dirnames list in-place perhaps using del or slice assignment , and walk will only recurse into the subdirectories whose names remain in dirnames ; this can be used to prune the search, impose a specific order of visiting, or even to inform walk about directories the caller creates or renames before it resumes walk again.

Modifying dirnames when topdown is False has no effect on the behavior of the walk, because in bottom-up mode the directories in dirnames are generated before dirpath itself is generated. By default, errors from the scandir call are ignored. If optional argument onerror is specified, it should be a function; it will be called with one argument, an OSError instance. It can report the error to continue with the walk, or raise the exception to abort the walk.

Note that the filename is available as the filename attribute of the exception object. By default, walk will not walk down into symbolic links that resolve to directories. Set followlinks to True to visit directories pointed to by symlinks, on systems that support them.

Be aware that setting followlinks to True can lead to infinite recursion if a link points to a parent directory of itself. In the next example simple implementation of shutil. This function always supports paths relative to directory descriptors and not following symlinks.

Since fwalk yields file descriptors, those are only valid until the next iteration step, so you should duplicate them e. Create an anonymous file and return a file descriptor that refers to it. By default, the new file descriptor is non-inheritable. The displayed name is always prefixed with memfd: and serves only for debugging purposes. Names do not affect the behavior of the file descriptor, and as such multiple files can have the same name without any side effects.

Availability : Linux 3. Create and return an event file descriptor. The file descriptors supports raw read and write with a buffer size of 8, select , poll and similar. See man page eventfd 2 for more information. The initial value must be an 32 bit unsigned integer.

Please note that the initial value is limited to a 32 bit unsigned int although the event counter is an unsigned 64 bit integer with a maximum value of 2 64 Write blocks if the write operation would increment the counter to a value larger than 2 64 Read value from an eventfd file descriptor and return a 64 bit unsigned int.

The function does not verify that fd is an eventfd. Availability : See eventfd. Add value to an eventfd file descriptor. Set close-on-exec flag for new eventfd file descriptor. Provide semaphore-like semantics for reads from a eventfd file descriptor. On read the internal counter is decremented by one. Return the value of the extended filesystem attribute attribute for path.

If it is str, it is encoded with the filesystem encoding. Return a list of the extended filesystem attributes on path. The attributes in the list are represented as strings decoded with the filesystem encoding. If path is None , listxattr will examine the current directory. Removes the extended filesystem attribute attribute from path. If it is a string, it is encoded with the filesystem encoding and error handler.

Set the extended filesystem attribute attribute on path to value. If it is a str, it is encoded with the filesystem encoding and error handler. A bug in Linux kernel versions less than 2. This is a possible value for the flags argument in setxattr. It indicates the operation must create an attribute.

It indicates the operation must replace an existing attribute. In each case, the first of these arguments is passed to the new program as its own name rather than as an argument a user may have typed on a command line. On Unix, the default behavior is to produce a core dump; on Windows, the process immediately returns an exit code of 3. This search path is used when resolving dependencies for imported extension modules the module itself is resolved through sys.

Remove the directory by calling close on the returned object or using it in a with statement. See the Microsoft documentation for more information about how DLLs are loaded. See the porting notes for information on updating libraries.

These functions all execute a new program, replacing the current process; they do not return. On Unix, the new executable is loaded into the current process, and will have the same process id as the caller. Errors will be reported as OSError exceptions. The current process is replaced immediately. Open file objects and descriptors are not flushed, so if there may be data buffered on these open files, you should flush them using sys.

In either case, the arguments to the child process should start with the name of the command being run, but this is not enforced. The other variants, execl , execle , execv , and execve , will not use the PATH variable to locate the executable; path must contain an appropriate absolute or relative path. For execve on some platforms, path may also be specified as an open file descriptor.

This functionality may not be supported on your platform; you can check whether or not it is available using os. Exit the process with status n , without calling cleanup handlers, flushing stdio buffers, etc. The standard way to exit is sys. Some of these may not be available on all Unix platforms, since there is some variation. These constants are defined where they are defined by the underlying platform.

Exit code that means the command was used incorrectly, such as when the wrong number of arguments are given. Exit code that means an operating system error was detected, such as the inability to fork or create a pipe.

Exit code that means some system file did not exist, could not be opened, or had some other kind of error. Exit code that means a temporary failure occurred. Exit code that means that there were insufficient permissions to perform the operation but not intended for file system problems. Fork a child process. If an error occurs OSError is raised.

See ssl for applications that use the SSL module with fork. For a more portable approach, use the pty module. Send signal sig to the process pid. Constants for the specific signals available on the host platform are defined in the signal module. Windows: The signal. Any other value for sig will cause the process to be unconditionally killed by the TerminateProcess API, and the exit code will be set to sig.

The Windows version of kill additionally takes process handles to be killed. See also signal. Return a file descriptor referring to the process pid. This descriptor can be used to perform process management without races and signals. Archived from the original on August 28, Retrieved August 27, Archived from the original on February 13, Retrieved February 8, Archived from the original on August 30, Retrieved September 4, CBS Interactive.

Archived from the original on August 10, Archived from the original on June 11, Multi-Touch gestures in older Mac models. All Mac notebooks with Multi-Touch trackpads now support three- and four-finger gestures.

Archived from the original on July 20, Retrieved June 11, October 22, Archived from the original on May 21, Retrieved October 22, Archived from the original on October 27, Retrieved October 23, Archived from the original on April 16, Retrieved April 13, June 27, Retrieved August 29, Archived from the original on July 22, June 19, Archived from the original on December 7, April 29, Archived from the original on August 4, Retrieved August 21, November 13, Retrieved November 16, December 4, Retrieved October 10, September 6, Retrieved March 17, Archived from the original on November 12, Retrieved September 6, Retrieved December 28, August 27, Archived from the original on December 5, Archived from the original on June 2, The New York Times.

Archived from the original on January 11, Archived from the original on September 4, Archived from the original on December 1, Archived from the original PDF on June 12, Ars Technical. Archived from the original on May 9, Archived from the original on August 15, Retrieved June 5, Archived from the original on September 16, Retrieved September 15, Retrieved June 21, November 25, Archived from the original on February 1, Retrieved December 29, Archived from the original on July 18, February 4, Archived from the original on July 7, Archived from the original on May 22, Archived from the original on May 29, Ipv6-dev Mailing list.

June 24, Archived from the original on August 3, Retrieved April 22, Archived from the original on April 22, Archived from the original on June 22, Archived from the original on June 29, Archived from the original on June 18, Archived from the original on October 31, Archived from the original on June 5, June 26, BBC News.

October 13, November 9, June 9, Retrieved January 10, PC Magazine. Retrieved May 26, Archived from the original on January 9, April 14, Archived from the original on May 24, Retrieved April 26, Archived from the original on November 14, Retrieved November 9, Archived from the original on January 28, Retrieved January 28, Mac OS X History Architecture Components Server Software.

Server 1. Operating systems by Apple. History Outline Timeline of products. Classic Mini Nano Shuffle Touch. Mini Air Pro Accessories. Card Pay Wallet.

Arthur D. Sugar Susan L. Woolard Jr. Jerry York. Italics indicate discontinued products, services , or defunct companies. Authority control: National libraries Germany Czech Republic. Hidden categories: Webarchive template wayback links Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Wikipedia pending changes protected pages Use mdy dates from October All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October Articles with unsourced statements from June Articles with unsourced statements from November Articles with GND identifiers Articles with NKC identifiers.

Namespaces Article Talk. Views Read Edit View history. Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file. Download as PDF Printable version. A version of the macOS operating system. Closed , with open source components.

August 28, ; 12 years ago [2]. Apple Software Update. IA , x [4]. Hybrid XNU. Unsupported as of February 25, , iTunes ended in September and Safari support terminated as well, [5] though the last security update happened in September MacBook Pro Software Update 1. Preceded by Mac OS X Succeeded by Mac OS X Financial Card Pay Wallet. Current Arthur D. Category Commons. Germany Czech Republic.

   


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